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H.R. 1 · 119th Congress

An act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to title II of H. Con. Res. 14.

Rep. Arrington, Jodey C. [R-TX-19] (R-TX) · Introduced

Public Law 119-21Economics and Public Finance
Progress
100%
1
Introduced
A bill is formally introduced by a lawmaker; it is assigned an ID and sent to committee.
2
Committee
A smaller group of lawmakers reviews, debates, and edits the bill before it can advance.
3
Reported
After committee work, the committee releases a report and the bill can go to the full chamber for a vote.
4
House Vote
The bill has passed the full House of Representatives.
5
Senate Vote
The bill has passed the full Senate.
6
Passed Congress
Both the House and Senate have passed the bill; it moves to the President for final approval.
7
Sent to President
The bill has been sent to the President, who may sign it, veto it, or let a ten-day clock decide.
8
Became Law
The bill is now law — by the President's signature, by the ten-day rule when the President declines to sign, or by a two-thirds veto override.

Latest action

Became Public Law No: 119-21.

· from Congress.gov, as of August 8, 2026

Committees

Finance CommitteeAgriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry CommitteeArmed Services CommitteeHomeland Security and Governmental Affairs CommitteeBudget Committee

What this stage means

The bill is now law — by the President's signature, by the ten-day rule when the President declines to sign, or by a two-thirds veto override.

Why this matters

There are three constitutional paths to enactment, and only one of them requires the President's approval.

What can happen next

Executive agencies write regulations to implement it; courts may review challenges to it.

Study this bill

AP Gov
Unit 1 · Foundations of American DemocracyUnit 2 · Interactions Among Branches of GovernmentUnit 4 · American Political Ideologies and Beliefs

The constitutional question

How far does Congress's Article I taxing-and-spending power reach when exercised through budget reconciliation — a process that needs only 51 Senate votes but is limited by the Byrd Rule to budgetary provisions?

The strongest case for

Without this act, tax rates on most households were scheduled to rise automatically when the 2017 cuts expired — Congress was choosing between action and a de facto tax increase in a cost-of-living crisis. Making the rates permanent gives families and small businesses planning certainty, and the expanded child tax credit and new deductions for tips and overtime are targeted at workers, not only high earners. Medicaid work requirements for able-bodied adults without dependents restore the program's link between assistance and work that welfare reform established in 1996 with bipartisan support. Voters handed one party unified government; using reconciliation to deliver the platform they ran on is democratic accountability, not a loophole.

The strongest case against

The Congressional Budget Office projected the act adds roughly $3 trillion to deficits over a decade while cutting Medicaid spending by hundreds of billions — a transfer from the program that insures the poorest Americans to a tax structure whose largest dollar benefits flow upward. Work requirements sound reasonable but in Arkansas's real-world trial they removed thousands of eligible people over paperwork, not employment. Rolling back clean-energy credits strands private investment already committed to factories in both red and blue states. And passing generational fiscal policy on a bare party-line vote through reconciliation — with no hearings a minority could shape — is exactly the majoritarian haste the Senate's rules were designed to slow.

Foundational documents in play

  • U.S. Constitution

    Article I, Section 8 taxing-and-spending power is the entire constitutional basis of a reconciliation package.

  • Federalist No. 51

    Reconciliation lets a Senate majority bypass the filibuster — a live test of how far majority ambition can go inside the rules.

  • Core Principles from The Wealth of Nations

    The bill's tax-cut theory rests on the free-enterprise premise that lower burdens on private activity produce growth.

Required cases in play

  • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

    McCulloch's broad reading of implied fiscal powers is why Congress can restructure taxes, Medicaid, and energy credits in one act.

Organizations supporting

Organizations opposing

This has happened before

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 — the same playbook: unified government, budget reconciliation, party-line passage, and sunset dates chosen to satisfy the Byrd Rule. Its scheduled 2025 expirations are precisely what forced this bill onto the agenda, a lesson in how one Congress's procedural compromise becomes the next Congress's deadline.

Practice FRQ

Concept Application. "In 2025, Congress enacted a multi-trillion-dollar tax and spending package using budget reconciliation, which cannot be filibustered, after the Senate parliamentarian removed several provisions for violating the Byrd Rule." (A) Describe the Senate filibuster. (B) Explain how reconciliation changes the number of senators needed to pass fiscal legislation. (C) Explain how the Byrd Rule acts as a check on the majority party even within reconciliation.

Sources: www.congress.gov · www.cbo.gov

Action history

Every recorded action from Congress.gov — 59 total.

  1. Signed by President.

  2. Signed by President.

  3. Became Public Law No: 119-21.

  4. Became Public Law No: 119-21.

  5. House

    Pursuant to the provisions of H. Res. 566, Mr. Arrington called up the Senate amendment to H.R. 1.

  6. House

    Mr. Arrington moved that the House agree to the Senate amendment. (consideration: CR H3059-3187)

  7. House

    Mr. Arrington moved that the House agree to the Senate amendment to H.R. 1. (CR H3143)

  8. House

    DEBATE - Pursuant to the provisions of H. Res. 566, the House proceeded with one hour of debate on the motion to agree to the Senate amendment to H.R. 1.

  9. House

    The previous question was ordered pursuant to the rule.

  10. Resolving differences -- House actions: On motion that the House agree to the Senate amendment Agreed to by recorded vote: 218 - 214 (Roll no. 190).

  11. House

    On motion that the House agree to the Senate amendment Agreed to by recorded vote: 218 - 214 (Roll no. 190). (text: CR H3059-3143)

  12. House

    Motion to reconsider laid on the table Agreed to without objection.

  13. Presented to President.

  14. House

    Presented to President.

  15. Senate

    Motion by Senator Bennet to commit to Senate Committee on Finance with instructions rejected in Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 47 - 53. Record Vote Number: 354.

  16. Senate

    Motion by Senator Wyden to commit to Senate Committee on Finance with instructions rejected in Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 47 - 53. Record Vote Number: 357.

  17. Senate

    Motion by Senator Warnock to commit to Senate Committee on Finance with instructions rejected in Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 48 - 51. Record Vote Number: 359.

  18. Senate

    Passed/agreed to in Senate: Passed Senate with an amendment by Yea-Nay Vote. 51 - 50. Record Vote Number: 372.

  19. Senate

    Passed Senate with an amendment by Yea-Nay Vote. 51 - 50. Record Vote Number: 372.

  20. Senate

    Message on Senate action sent to the House.

  21. Senate

    Considered by Senate.

  22. Senate

    Motion by Senator Schumer to commit to Senate Committee on Finance with instructions rejected in Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 47 - 53. Record Vote Number: 332.

  23. Senate

    Motion by Senator Markey to commit to Senate Committee on Finance with instructions rejected in Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 49 - 51. Record Vote Number: 333.

  24. Senate

    Point of order that the measure violates section 425(a)(2) of the Congressional Budget Act raised in Senate.

  25. Senate

    Motion to waive section 425(a)(2) of the Congressional Budget Act with respect to the measure agreed to in Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 51 - 48. Record Vote Number: 334.

  26. Senate

    Motion by Senator Wyden to commit to Senate Committee on Finance with instructions rejected in Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 47 - 53. Record Vote Number: 335.

  27. Senate

    Motion by Senator Coons to commit to Senate Committee on Finance with instructions rejected in Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 48 - 52. Record Vote Number: 336.

  28. Senate

    Motion by Senator Lujan to commit to Senate Committee on Finance with instructions rejected in Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 49 - 51. Record Vote Number: 337.

  29. Senate

    Motion by Senator Reed to commit to Senate Committee on Finance with instructions rejected in Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 48 - 52. Record Vote Number: 338.

  30. Senate

    Motion by Senator Blunt Rochester to commit to Senate Committee on Finance with instructions rejected in Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 48 - 52. Record Vote Number: 340.

  31. Senate

    Motion by Senator Kaine to commit to Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs with instructions rejected in Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 47 - 53. Record Vote Number: 346.

  32. Senate

    Motion by Senator Blumenthal to commit to Senate Committee on Armed Services with instructions rejected in Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 47 - 53. Record Vote Number: 347.

  33. Senate

    Motion by Senator Gallego to commit to Senate Committee on Finance with instructions rejected in Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 47 - 53. Record Vote Number: 348.

  34. Senate

    Motion by Senator Hassan to commit to Senate Committee on Finance with instructions rejected in Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 48 - 52. Record Vote Number: 349.

  35. Senate

    Motion by Senator Duckworth to commit to Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry with instructions rejected in Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 49 - 51. Record Vote Number: 350.

  36. Senate

    Motion by Senator Schiff to commit to Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry with instructions rejected in Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 47 - 53. Record Vote Number: 351.

  37. Senate

    Motion by Senator Alsobrooks to commit to Senate Committee on Finance with instructions rejected in Senate by Voice Vote.

  38. Senate

    Motion by Senator Kelly to commit to Senate Committee on Finance with instructions rejected in Senate by Voice Vote.

  39. Senate

    Motion by Senator Murphy to commit to Senate Committee on Finance with instructions rejected in Senate by Voice Vote.

  40. Senate

    Motion by Senator King to commit to Senate Committee on Finance with instructions rejected in Senate by Voice Vote.

  41. Senate

    Motion by Senator Padilla to commit to Senate Committee on Finance with instructions rejected in Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 47 - 53. Record Vote Number: 353.

  42. Senate

    Read the second time. Placed on Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders. Calendar No. 107.

  43. Senate

    Motion to proceed to consideration of measure agreed to in Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 51 - 49. Record Vote Number: 329.

  44. Senate

    Received in the Senate. Read the first time. Placed on Senate Legislative Calendar under Read the First Time.

  45. House

    Rule H. Res. 436 passed House.

  46. House

    Considered under the provisions of rule H. Res. 436. (consideration: CR H2235-2357)

  47. House

    Rule provides for consideration of H.R. 1. The resolution provides for consideration of H.R. 1 under a closed rule with two hours of general debate and one motion to recommit.

  48. House

    DEBATE - The House proceeded with two hours of debate on H.R. 1.

  49. House

    The previous question was ordered pursuant to the rule.

  50. House

    Mrs. Trahan moved to recommit to the Committee on the Budget. (CR H2356)

  51. House

    The previous question on the motion to recommit was ordered pursuant to clause 2(b) of rule XIX.

  52. House

    On motion to recommit Failed by the Yeas and Nays: 212 - 216 (Roll no. 144).

  53. House

    Passed/agreed to in House: On passage Passed by the Yeas and Nays: 215 - 214, 1 Present (Roll no. 145). (text: CR H2235-2334)

  54. House

    On passage Passed by the Yeas and Nays: 215 - 214, 1 Present (Roll no. 145). (text: CR H2235-2334)

  55. House

    Motion to reconsider laid on the table Agreed to without objection.

  56. House

    Rules Committee Resolution H. Res. 436 Reported to House. Rule provides for consideration of H.R. 1. The resolution provides for consideration of H.R. 1 under a closed rule with two hours of general debate and one motion to recommit.

  57. House

    The House Committee on the Budget reported an original measure, H. Rept. 119-106, by Mr. Arrington.

  58. House

    The House Committee on the Budget reported an original measure, H. Rept. 119-106, by Mr. Arrington.

  59. House

    Placed on the Union Calendar, Calendar No. 78.